Un libro del latn liber, libri es una obra impresa, manuscrita o pintada en una serie de hojas de papel, pergamino, vitela u otro material, unidas por un lado es. Introduction Foreword. It is often remarked that groups are everywhere, whether in our social lives, our work lives, or even our families. In each of these situations. The American Civil War bibliography comprises books that deal in large part with the American Civil War. There are over 60,000 books on the war, with more appearing. Welcome to the Bureau of Land ManagementBLM, General Land Office GLO Records Automation web site. We provide live access to Federal land conveyance. Introduction To Public Policy Wheelan Pdf Writer' title='Introduction To Public Policy Wheelan Pdf Writer' />Harlan Jay Ellison born May 27, 1934 is an American writer. His principal genre is speculative fiction. His published works include over 1,700 short stories. Automatically formats, alphabetize, and prints bibliographies for free. Managing Groups and TeamsPrint version. Introduction. Foreword. It is often remarked that groups are everywhere, whether in our social lives, our work lives, or even our families. In each of these situations, sets of individuals decide to work collectively to achieve particular goals. However, although groups are everywhere and we participate in them constantly, we do not understand them very well. Many of us can tell stories of groups that seemed perfect for a given task, but which failed. And we all have reasons or excuses that explain such failures. But our experiences in groups suffer precisely because we are with them. The study of groups as a phenomenon that is unique and different from other social phenomena is very active, reflecting both the importance it has and how much we still dont know about groups. S M Rizwsan Clinical Psychologist ANFAbout this Book. In this book, we take a challenge based approach to dealing with groups. Many other books provide conceptual and descriptive treatments of groups and teams. Here we will take a prescriptive perspective, one that focuses on the how to of managing a group or a team. This prescriptive perspective, however, will be rooted in social science. About Wikibooks and Wikimedia. Communication Creating and Maintaining Team Cohesion. Team Cohesion Defined. One definition of cohesion is a group property with individual manifestations of feelings of belongingness or attraction to the group Lieberman et al., 1. It is generally accepted that group cohesion and performance are associated. However, the issue of a causeeffect relationship between group cohesion and performance is not completely resolved. Generally, there tend to be more studies supporting a positive relationship between group cohesion and performance. With that in mind the following article is an effort to enhance groupteam cohesion and as a result help improve groupteam performance. The Question. What is team cohesiveness and why does it matter to an organization to have cohesiveness within its teams Team Composition. How to promote team cohesion when selecting and identifying diversity within teams. In their journal article Beyond Relational Demography Time and the Effects of Surface and Deep Level Diversity on Work Group Cohesion, David A. Harrison, Kenneth H. Price, and Myrtle P. Bell discuss the composition of teams and its effect on cohesiveness. They describe two different categories of diversity, namely surface level and deeper level. Surface Level Diversity Surface level attributes are immutable and almost immediately observable. Such attributes include age, sex, and raceethnicity. In general, the findings have been fairly inconsistent within and across studies as to how diversity in these areas affect team cohesion. Deep Level Diversity Deep level diversity includes differences among members attitudes, beliefs, and values. These attributes are less apparent than surface level differences and are learned through extended, individualized interaction and information gathering. They are communicated differences which are shared through both verbal and nonverbal behavior. There has been less research done in this area with regards to teams in workplace settings, though a number of social psychological studies have been conducted. The findings consistently suggest that attitudinal similarity is associated with higher group cohesiveness. Diversity also improves communication, reduces personal conflict, attracts friendships, and gives more satisfaction to group members. Summary. Overall, the school of thought that is most widely accepted, in regards to team cohesion, is that surface level differences are less important and deep level differences are more important for groups that had interacted more often 5. Harrison, Price, and Bells study concluded that while homogeneous groups interacted and performed more effectively than heterogeneous groups in the beginning, with time and information, the diverse groups performance and processes improved more rapidly and had grown more effective in identifying problems and generating solutions 6. Crack Para Question Writer 4.2. Overall cohesiveness was strengthened in such cases. Hence, for optimum results, teams ought to include deep level diversity as part of the process for achieving cohesiveness. Internal Environment Factors Needed in Team Cohesion. Internally there are several factors that must be present for cohesion to exist within a team. First good and appropriate communication is essential to creating and maintaining cohesion. Communication leads to the second factor, unity of purpose. For a team to work as a cohesive team they must share a common goal and to collectively work towards that goal. And finally, the team must have a high level of commitment understanding that what they do together as a team is better than what they do on their own. Communication. In the article Building Team Cohesion Becoming We Instead of Me the authors stress the importance of not losing the human moment which they define as not to lose the powerful impact of face to face, immediate interaction in real time and space. Furthermore, the authors add the following It is communication in the human moment that most powerfully creates team synergy the energy that truly makes the whole greater than the sum of its parts. It is communication in the human moment that also most powerfully creates team cohesion a strong sense of loyalty and commitment to the team vision as ones own. Providing communication opportunities in real time and space for forensics team members is necessary to build team cohesion. Whether a room or lounge where team members can congregate between classes and the end of the day, practice space for formal and informal coaching sessions, travel time in cars and vans, or social time to enjoy pizza and a movie, both quantity and quality of communication are necessary to build a cohesive team climate of openness and trustAccording to Bormann1. In order to build cohesion within any team whether it be a sports team or work team communication is an essential ingredient. Providing opportunities for the team members to interact socially is necessary to help build trust. In addition, a safe environment in which the team can deal with conflict is critical to team cohesion. Unity of Purpose or a Common Goal. A critical factor that must be present for groups or teams to experience cohesion is to have a common goal. In SELF MANAGING WORK TEAMS An Empirical Study of Group Cohesiveness in Natural Work Groups at a Harley Davidson Motor Company Plant, the authors state that highly cohesive groups tend to perform better because they have high commitment to attaining group goals e. Stogdill, 1. 97. 2, and because the members are more sensitive to others in the group, they are more willing to assist each other e. Schachter, Ellertson, Mc. Bride, Gregory, 1. Additional support to the importance of a common goal in building and maintaining a common goal is found in Buliding Team Cohesion Becoming We Instead of Me where the author relates the following Since cohesion is believed to be one of the distinguishing characteristics of a high performance team, what is this powerful team quality and how is it cre atedAccording to Bollen and Hoyle 1. Beebe Masterson, 2. Libro Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre. Un libro del latnliber, libri es una obra impresa, manuscrita o pintada en una serie de hojas de papel, pergamino, vitela u otro material, unidas por un lado es decir, encuadernadas y protegidas con tapas, tambin llamadas cubiertas. Un libro puede tratar sobre cualquier tema. Segn la definicin de la Unesco,1 un libro debe poseer 2. Tambin se llama libro a una obra de gran extensin publicada en varias unidades independientes, llamados tomos o volmenes. Otras veces se llama tambin libro a cada una de las partes de una obra, aunque fsicamente se publiquen todas en un mismo volumen ejemplo Libros de la Biblia. Hoy en da, no obstante, esta definicin no queda circunscrita al mundo impreso o de los soportes fsicos, dada la aparicin y auge de los nuevos formatos documentales y especialmente de la World Wide Web. El libro digital o libro electrnico, conocido como e book, est viendo incrementado su uso en el mundo del libro y en la prctica profesional bibliotecaria y documental. Adems, el libro tambin puede encontrarse en formato audio, en cuyo caso se denomina audiolibro. Desde los orgenes, la humanidad ha tenido que hacer frente a una cuestin fundamental la forma de preservar y transmitir su cultura, es decir, sus creencias y conocimientos, tanto en el espacio como en el tiempo. El planteamiento de esta cuestin supone por un lado, determinar la forma de garantizar la integridad intelectual del contenido de la obra y la conservacin del soporte en el que fue plasmada, y por otro, encontrar el medio por el cual se mantendr inalterada la intencin o finalidad para la cual se concibi. Los orgenes de la historia del libro se remontan a las primeras manifestaciones pictricas de nuestros antepasados, la pintura rupestre del hombre del paleoltico. Con un simbolismo, posiblemente cargado de significados mgicos, estas pinturas muestran animales, caceras y otras escenas cotidianas del entorno natural del hombre antiguo, que trataba de dominar las fuerzas adversas de la naturaleza capturando su esencia mediante su representacin. Son el ms antiguo precedente de los primeros documentos impresos de que se tiene memoria. Comunicacin oral y formas rudimentariaseditarLas seales gestuales fueron la primera forma de expresar y transmitir mensajes. La palabra hablada es la manera ms antigua de contar historias. Mediante frmulas de valor mnemotcnico2 se estructuraban narraciones, que pasaban de generacin en generacin como valiosa herencia cultural de los ms diversos grupos humanos. Dichas reglas mnemotcnicas ayudaban tanto a la memorizacin como a la difusin de los relatos. Es el caso de los poemas homricos, que han merecido valiosos estudios sobre el particular. Posiblemente, gran parte de las tradiciones y leyendas han tenido semejante inicio. Esta transmisin oral tena el inconveniente de los ruidos que deformaban el mensaje. La mayora de las veces era el narrador rapsoda, aeda, juglar quien en funcin de sus intereses la deformaba de una u otra forma. La escrituraeditarCuando los sistemas de escritura fueron inventados en las antiguas civilizaciones, el hombre utiliz diversos soportes de escritura tablillas de arcilla, ostracon, placas de hueso o marfil, tablas de madera, papiros, tablillas enceradas, planchas de plomo, pieles curtidas, etc. La escritura fue el resultado de un proceso lento de evolucin con diversos pasos imgenes que reproducan objetos cotidianos pictografa representacin mediante smbolos ideografa y la reproduccin de slabas y letras. Los ms antiguos vestigios de escritura se encuentran, hacia finales del IV milenio a. C., en el Antiguo Egipto, con jeroglficos, y la antigua Mesopotamia, mediante signos cuneiformes escritura cuneiforme utilizaban una varilla con seccin triangular, que al hendir en placas de arcilla, dejaba una marca en forma de cua. La usaron los sumerios, acadios, asirios, hititas, persas, babilonios etc. La escritura egipcia, que perdur ms de tres milenios, mediante jeroglficos, representaba ideas abstractas, objetos, palabras, slabas, letras y nmeros. Evolucion en las escrituras hiertica y demtica. Otros pueblos, como los hititas y los aztecas tambin tuvieron tipos propios de escritura. La escritura china ms antigua que se conoce son 5. C. en el yacimiento de Xiaotun, en la provincia de Henan. Pero los primeros libros reconocibles de China corresponden al siglo VI a. C., los jiance o jiandu, rollos de finas tiras de bamb o madera grabados con tinta indeleble y atados con cordel. Estos textos servan principalmente a causas institucionales, era la obra de funcionarios civiles o militares. Desde Confucio en adelante 5. C. los libros se convirtieron en importantes instrumentos de aprendizaje, se escribieron tratados de filosofa, medicina, astronoma y cartografa. En el perodo de los reinos combatientes 4. C. La seda se us mucho como soporte para escribir. La tela era ligera, resistente al clima hmedo, absorba bien la tinta y proporcionaba al texto un fondo blanco, sin embargo era mucho ms cara que el bamb, es por esto que en ocasiones se haca una copia en bamb antes de grabarse en seda los textos importantes. La invencin del papel segn la tradicin china, se atribuye a un eunuco de la corte imperial llamado Cai Lin en el 1. C. Usando nuevos ingredientes trapos viejos, camo, corteza de rbol y redes de pescar cre un mtodo de fabricacin de papel muy similar al que se usa hoy en da. Pero el papel tard cientos de aos en reemplazar al bamb y la seda, fue hasta finales del siglo II d. C. que la corte imperial lo us en cantidades importantes. Esta innovacin no se propag fuera de China hasta el 6. C. aproximadamente, y alcanz Europa a travs de Espaa hasta el siglo XII. A mediados del siglo VIII los chinos inventaron la impresin xilogrfica, o el grabado en madera, y la necesidad de reproducir un gran nmero de textos e imgenes budistas, calendarios, manuales de adivinacin y diccionarios promovi una rpida y temprana propagacin de la xilografa. El primer libro impreso chino que se ha encontrado es el Sutra del diamante del 8. C. Los impresores chinos crearon los tipos mviles hacia el siglo XI, el escritor chino Chen Kua 1. Mengshi Pitan, segn el escritor el herrero Jen. Tsung de la dinasta de los Song del norte entre 1. Tambin se le atribuye la creacin de una mesa giratoria para guardar los caracteres, esta tcnica se llamaba tipografa tablearia. Hacia el 1. 30. 0 Wang Tcheng, un tcnico agrnomo, emplaz la arcilla por madera de azufaifo, que era mucho ms dura. Pero este avance no revolucion la imprenta hasta el punto que lo hizo Gutenberg en Europa 4. A diferencia de las lenguas europeas, el chino escrito requiere miles de caracteres nicos, lo que hace mucho ms eficaz los bloques de madera individuales que los enormes conjuntos de tipos reutilizables. En contraste con el declive de las artes de los escribas en occidente en los siglos que siguieron a la creacin de la imprenta de tipos mviles, la caligrafa china conserv su prestigio, era un arte. No obstante, a finales del siglo XV, China haba producido ms libros que el resto del mundo junto.